Preparetion of salt Essay Example

Preparetion of salt Paper 1. INSOLUBLE SALTSSoluble salt 1(aq) + soluble salt 2(aq) insoluble salt + soluble salt (aq)acid 1(aq) acid 2(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(g) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)Pb2+(aq) + SO2-4(aq) PbSO4To prepare a salt, you should firstly thoroughly mix the solution, then you should filter it to remove any precipitate. Next, you should, wash with distilled water and finally leave to dry in the oven.2. SOLUBLE SALTSa. Filtrationi. acid + base salt + waterH2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)ii. acid + insoluble metal carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxideH2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)iii. acid + reaction metal salt + hydrogenH2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)The base or the metal carbonate must be insoluble so that we can remove the excess through the method of filtration. The metals that we can use must react with acids but must not react with water as this would contaminate the salt with metal hydroxide. The metals that we can use are:Mag nesium (Mg)Aluminium (Al)Zinc (Zn)Iron (Fe)We firstly measure approximately 25cm3 of sulphuric acid, by pouring it into a beaker. This only occurs in case i and not in cases ii and iii. Next we heat up the acid until it is virtually boiling. In all cases, we add the solid until it is in excess (more than what will react). This is done so that we can make sure all of the acid reacts. In cases ii and iii, we heat up the beakers to speed up the reactions. To make sure that it is complete we filter the solutions into an evaporating basin.CRYSTALISATIONTo form this process, we boil the solution in the basin in order to concentrate it. We do this until we reach the crystallisation point and that is when it is saturated at that specific temperature. We test this by dipping in a glass rod and then blowing on one end. If a fern like growth of crystals show, it means that we have reached crystallisation point. After doing that, we allow the solution to cool down which produces small crystals. However, we want large crystals. To do this we allow the solution to evaporate at room temperature for about a week, until there are only a few cubic centimetres remaining. These are filtered off because they contain soluble impurities. The crystals are than washed with a little distilled water and dried using filter paper.b. TitrationIf the metal hydroxide or the metal carbonate are soluble, (i.e. alkalis), we cannot remove the excess via the process of filtration. Therefore, we have to react these substances in their correct stoichiometric amounts (i.e. there is no excess of either of them). This is done by a process known as titration.All sodium (Na) and potassium (K) salts have to be prepared by titration as their hydroxides and carbonates are soluble.i. base of soluble metal hydroxide + acid salt + waterNaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)ii. metal carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxideNa2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)Here are some pictures of the equ ipment that we need for this experiment:graduation pointThe pipette is used for measuring out with a fixed volume of solution. We firstly wash it out with the solution that we are going to use. In our case we are using hydrochloric acid.We then pipette 20cm3 of the acid into a conical flask. Then we then add a few drops of universal indicator to the solution.A burette is used for measuring a variable volume of solution. We also (like with the pipette) wash out the burette with alkali, which happens to sodium hydroxide in this case. We firstly fill the burette with the prescribed alkali through a funnel until the alkali reaches 0cm3.The alkali is very caustic. This means it will wear away into wood or anything in its way. The only way to stop this from happening, is to neutralise it by pouring an acid over it.We then titrate the hydrochloric acid solution with the solution from the burette until we reach the equivalence point, (end point).The indicator should abruptly change colour f rom red to a mid-range colour, orange. You should wash out the conical flask with water and repeat to get consistent titres which are within 0.2cm3 of each other. We repeat the whole thing using the same volumes but no indicators so the final colour of the solution is not changed. We then crystallise the solution as normal.Here are some results from this experiment overleaf:ATTEMPTROUGHONETWOFINAL22.3021.0042.10INITIAL-1.200.0021.00TITRE21.1021.0021.10c. EvaporationAnother method of making ammonium nitrate is done when either the acid or the alkali is volatile (evaporates easily). An example of this is for an acid -hydrochloric acid or for an alkali ammonia. In these cases we do not need to use the process of titration to prepare the salt. We can simply add the excess of the one that is volatile and the excess will evaporate when we come to evaporate the solution.NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)We measure out approximately 20cm3 of nitric acid into an evaporating basin. We then add am monia solution while stirring until in excess. We can check for this by its smell and confirm it is in excess by using red litmus paper which should turn blue. We then crystallise the solution as usual where upon the excess ammonia will evaporate.

Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society

Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society Innovation is the process through which new ideas, products and methods are introduced. This new ideas and products are believed to have a positive impact on the society. Governments from all over the world have been encouraging their citizens to be innovative, especially the youth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to encourage innovation among young people, governments have come up with curriculums that encourage innovation. We are all encouraged to embrace innovations that will be able to help us change our lives in a positive way. The statement â€Å"I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident, but by working hard† goes to show that innovations just don’t occur by accident. People work hard and invest a lot of money and time. Innovation is a process that requires a lot of pat ience and creativity. Innovation is a process that has ups and downs. An innovative person never gives up. A good example in this case is Thomas Edison who invented the light bulb. Before inventing the light bulb, Thomas went through a hard time. He was forced to work hard and would spend some of his nights working instead of resting. He failed a lot of times but he never gave up. He kept on working hard and with time he was able to invent the light bulb. It was then that he came up with the now famous quote in which he says that he never failed and that he only discovered 10000 ways through which a light bulb cannot work. It was through hard work, patience and persistence that he was able to invent the light bulb. By inventing the light bulb he was able to change the lives of many people. Role of strategic gateways Research has shown that most companies have problems bringing in new products into the market even after spending a lot of money in the development and launching of thes e products. Research has shown that these products fail while in the market. Some of these products never even make it to the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A stage gate model is a system that that is supposed to help move a new product from an idea to the launch of the product. The Stage gate model divides this process into various activities (stages) and decisions points (gates). Why and when it is used? The stage gate model is used to manage the risks that are associated with the development of new products. This is because the product development and innovation process faces a number of risks. It is through this model, that these risks can be assessed. The stage gate model also minimises the chance of something going wrong along the way. How does it work? The system works by managing the risks associated with product development and product innovation. The people in charge of the project will gather information needed to move the project from one stage to another. The information gathered will range from financial information to market information. The expenditures incurred will increase as the project moves from one stage to another. Key stages of the project are separated to help the management understand the product innovation and development process. The proposed product is carefully scrutinised at each stage and the management is advised on when to abort the project if it fails to meet the set objectives.

Marketing plan for rent a runway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing plan for rent a runway - Essay Example This report will analyze the strengths of this company in creating the right options for marketing while offering new ways and initiatives which the company can use to continue to expand the product line and interest in the runway. Business Mission The basis of Rent a Runway is to assist individuals who like high fashion but are on a budget or only need a fashion item for one occasion. The objective is to offer individual options from professional stylists while assisting with fashion forward looks for any occasion. The mission is based on women being able to look their best at any occasion while providing fashion forward advice and alternatives to assist with the best looks for any occasion. The team has expanded to designers and professionals that are able to assist in creating the perfect outfits for women and men that are preparing for any occasion (Rent the Runway, 2011). External Marketing Audit: Market Competition The fashion items that are offered through the Internet are con tinuing to grow and bring attention to the runway items of the season. The main competition is coming from emerging fashion stores that are able to offer luxury and brand name items at a lower price. These are combined with wholesale stores that offer even more opportunities for those looking at different fashions and designs. These are known to move higher into the competition based on price, types of designers available and the region which they are located in. They are furthered with competition that is based on finding the right clothes at a lower price. The current marketing competition for fashion is based on an emerging market that is expected to grow by 7 – 15% by the year 2020. These demands are based on the ability to get low priced fashions that are in style for the season and based on luxury and brand names at a discount (BofF Team, 2011). The continuous growth and expectations for online portals is causing several to turn to Internet solutions for their business. There is now advice that is being sent to those who are looking for new ways to promote business to move online, including retailers and those interested in the fashion business. This is leading brick and mortar retailers, wholesale businesses and others involved in creating other links to customers to set up businesses online. This is combined with emerging designers and brand names that are creating the same links to an online presence. Each of these are combining strategies for a stronger presence, leading to competitive alternatives based on customer loyalty and a growing global market. The association is based on creating a stronger sense of customer loyalty through the businesses that are working together (Haley, 2011). Internal Marketing Audit The association with Rent the Runway is one which is taking the main trends with the online presence among fashion lovers and expanding the market into one that holds several strengths. For the online portal to continue to work; howeve r, there is the need to extensively examine the marketing tactics and alternatives that are available. By doing this, there is the ability to create a stronger presence while moving forward with the competition that is online. Operating Results The operations that are a part of the online portal are based on a process that is required for an individual to be a part of. When one goes to the website, they are immediately

The Invisible World Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

The Invisible World - Research Paper Example It has been said that the descriptions of Hell are only symbolic and they are not describing how Hell really is. This is an important question, and one that deserves attention. We must understand the form of language {genre} used when talking about any subject before we come to a conclusion as to what the Scripture means. One of the most commonly used arguments for the belief that these scriptures are simply symbolic is mainly pointed to the passages used in Revelation. It is said that Revelation is symbolic and therefore the suggestion is made that the descriptions of Hell are as well. This argument doesn’t go far once the Scriptures are studied in the context of the entire Bible, but for the sake of this part of the study, we will grant that argument somewhat valid for the book of Revelation even though it is not. But even with that, it doesn’t come to any conclusion in reference to the other books that talk about Hell within the Bible. Revelation isn’t the onl y book that talks about it. Let’s look at what some other Scriptures say about Hell, and then answer the question proposed at the beginning of this section†¦

Case Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Analysis paper - Essay Example Mentally healthy people experience social heath, biological heath and good normal human characters during interaction and when dealing with various situations. Mentally sick people need to see psychiatrist, who may either be a nurse or a doctor. In the case of a nurse handling a case of a mentally sick patient, the nurses face many cases of dilemma. Quigley 2007 stated that nurses frequently find themselves in a position of making decisions which are not solely medical or nursing, but of a moral or ethical nature. At this point, the nurse will have to depict professional accountability with patient involvement to address this critical issue. Nurses working in the care of the mentally ill or psychiatric patients face dilemmas concerning respect of autonomy versus paternalistic behavior. Questions arise at various incidences, like when the patients do not what to take their medication, refuses treatment that should be administered to them or suffer from delusions. In closed wards, the nurses are required to participate in decision making concerning the use of forced seclusion or the separation of the affected patients. The situation creates a gap of information between the nurses or the doctors and the relatives of the patient. Often, there is variation in the perspective of what is good for the patient. The opinions of the relatives may differ from that of the relatives or guardians of the affected patient. For that case, there is involvement of the patient-in the case of a mild mental illness, the nurses and the relatives of the patient. In absence of the relatives, guardians may be involved in the decision making process. It is also professionally responsible for the nurse to participate in decision making. The whole decision does not only affect the patient. Its impacts are felt cross the participants, inconclusive

Disadvantages Of A System Of Subsidies Economics Essay

Disadvantages Of A System Of Subsidies Economics Essay Subsidy can be said has advantages and disadvantages to farmer and consumer. Subsidies granted to energy producers to develop more efficient for agriculture field. Government encourages an industry by reducing taxes. The government provides housing subsidy for the poor families. However, they may encourage inefficiency by relying more in the subsidy money that offered by the government. Raising the income while prices are rising will cause the final products to lose their competitiveness in the international market. Subsidy sometimes is difficult to decide on who may receive a subsidy and the government has poor information about the service and how much to subsidies. Table of Content: Contents Pages 1 Definition of subsidy 2 Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Farmer 3 Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Farmer 4 Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Consumer 5 Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Consumer 6 References Definition of Subsidy Economic benefits (such as allowances or tax rebate), or the benefits given by the government, groups or individuals are usually paid in cash or the form of tax cuts. Subsidies usually remove some type of burden to reduces cost of production and expansion to increase supply, maintain the income of the producers of certain products and maintain employment levels. One industry that commonly receives government subsidies is the agriculture industry. Agricultural subsidies are given to farmers in order to support its business because need to be ensure that countrys self-sufficiency in food supply. Government subsidies to farmers can take the form of capital (to ensure that they have enough money to invest in their own farm) or to purchase the excessive crop the warehouse after are filled. In addition, the government also indirectly subsidize the purchase of personal or family that we can common see such as allowing the a cheaper house built housing subsidies. By reducing the cost for low -income families, the government ensures that more families are in homes. It makes individuals in their attempt to find a stable job, and also provides more disposable income of poor families. Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Farmer Subsidy is an economic benefit that brings lot of advantages to farmer. In order to help the old and the new energy development and exploration, the federal government has the pursuit of these initiatives on corporate subsidies. Subsidies granted to energy producers to develop more efficient, more economical production and distribution process. For example, the government provides the agriculture subsidies to the farmer to improve their method of production. Most of the farmers do not have enough money to buy a new and modern machine to increase the speed of production. With the subsidies, they are able to use the money to buy a high technology machine to improve their production during their working times. It helps them a lot to save the cost of production and time. Improvement in technology will make supply increases. This is because the farmer has more efficiency to produce more agriculture products based on the demand of consumer. It can be seen in the graph below. Government subsidies of agricultural industrialization, can also take a less direct way. Government encourages industry, an industry or a certain product or new labor and employment taxes related to the reduction in the case of many wage and subsidy funds by reducing taxes. These types of subsidies usually are in the form of tax credits for specific industries. Therefore, although it may not have the same look directly provide funds and purchase the product, wage subsidies and capital still has the same purpose to provide additional funds to promote a particular industry such as farm subsidies make agricultural production more profitable by increasing and stabilize farm prices and incomes. Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Farmer Subsidy can be said will bring certain disadvantages to farmer and consumer. Farmer subsidies can be intended to be consumer-friendly and taxpayer-friendly. However, they may encourage inefficiency by relying more in the subsidy money that offered by the government.The farmer still can receive the subsidy that offered by the government even though their agriculture has no gain any profits. Farm subsidies also control the normal market cycle. Raising the income while prices are rising will eventually raise commercial and industrial costs, causing the final products to lose their competitiveness in the international market. For example, if the cost of production of tomatoes increases, the supply of tomatoes will decrease. In the graph above, we can see that the higher price of factors of production, higher cost of production, the supply of tomatoes decreases. This is because the producer cannot afford the higher cost due to the demand of tomatoes. The cash from farm subsidies prevent the normal fluctuation in price due to supply and demand. According to the Environmental Working Group Farm Subsidy Primer, this makes the price totally dependent on government intervention in addition to the payment of the disaster. Agricultural subsidies are to correct low crop prices, and increasing farmers incomes. With negative subsidies, farmers are encouraged not to produce a particular crop or product. Farm subsidies are benefits to help poor and trouble family farmers. Instead, they harm them by excluding them from most subsidies, financing the consolidation of family farms, and increasing land values to levels that prevent young people from entering farming. Subsidy sometimes is difficult to decide on who may re ceive a subsidy and the government has poor information about the service and how much to subsidies. Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Consumer The government provides funds for research and loans at favorable rates and repayment terms for the poor families. Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak adds 1Malaysia book voucher (Figure 1) for students from research institutions, universities previously from RM200 to RM250. Student who has been registered as higher education students need to write their name on the voucher to avoid the issue of abuse in voucher dealings. Its main purpose is to allow the higher education students better access to books and stationery that would help ease their burden throughout their studies.(New Straits Times Online) Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak also announced a half-month bonus, the civil service and the income tax is reduced by one percentage point to RM50, 000 of taxable income.( Budget 2013: Tax breaks, affordable housing and cash for the needy, The Star Online) Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Consumer It had been stated that the rich and the biggest beneficiaries of the enterprise, rather than the poor. The sugar factory has informed retailers to raise sugar prices by 20 cents. This price reduction is always slow, but when it comes to raising prices, which is lighting fast. According to New Straits Times, it had mentioned that sugar subsidy reduction should be no excuse for businessman to increase prices of goods. When price of sugar rises, the quantity demanded of sugar will falls and it will make a movement down along the demand curve. It has been shown in the graph above. The price of sugar in Malaysia is amongst the lowest if compared to Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Therefore, the cost of ingredients of coffee is cheaper if compare with other. Coffee and sugar are considered as complementary goods. If the price of sugar falls, the quantity demanded of sugar will increase, and therefore the demand for coffee will increase too. It can be shown in the graph below. Subsidizing diesel and petrol have been smuggled and abused. In The Star New Online which stories by M. Struart, fisherman had been caught are selling subsidized diesel and petrol to others or using it for their personal use. Some of them just sell the fuel at higher price in order to earn more profits. In the news, a fisherman Mohd Rokbi Daud was unsatisfied with the current system in Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (LKIM). He said that he go to sea everyday but does not get any fish because of the bad weather. Some of the people just can claim for the subsidized fuel but they do not go to the sea to catch fish and just sit down to get the subsidy that offered by the government. Those fisherman who really hardly to survive because of poor catch; they really need the subsidy in order to survive their family. Therefore, government needs to know who the real fisherman and give the subsidy to the rights one. Rich people with big cars can enjoy more subsidies for fuel compare d to the poor small car. Many off-road vehicles and four-wheel drive vehicles also consume diesel. The rich and the poor have to pay the same tax rate. The poor cannot afford the luxuries products, but the rich people may have bought a lot of luxuries things. Eventually the subsidies are given to the rich rather than the poor. From 2010 to July 2011, the government had allocated for various subsidies and assistance, including the establishment of the KRIM, the Menu Rakyat 1 Malaysia and the 1 Malaysia clinics that the rich one can also be enjoyed these benefits. (Alex Wong CPA Australia Melbourne University, 2012) Appendix: Figure 1 : 1Malaysia book voucher ASSESSMENT CRITERIA (30%) :- No. Evaluation of Written Work Raw Marks Weightage Final marks 1 Demonstration of Knowledge Demonstration of knowledge and understanding of the topic assignment 0-2.5 poor, out of topic, no understanding of topic; 3.0-5.0 average, general discussion of topic; 5.5-8.0 good, clear understanding, 8.5-10.0 excellent, deep understanding of topic, /25 2 Good reasoning and critical analysis Clear line of reasoning. Argument is sound and substantial, with significant elements of originality. Ability to identify and use concepts and theories studied to rationalize his/her opinions. Evidence of critical appreciation and evaluation of relevant theory and research and a systematic and creative attempt to relate it to the topic. 0-2.5 poor,; 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good,; 8.5-10.0 excellent, /25 3 Clarity : The whole thread of the argument is clear. The structure is very clear. Shows coherence. Able to and integrate material from other sources in a clear manner. 0-2.5 poor,; 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good,; 8.5-10.0 excellent, /20 4 Evidence of Wide Range of Readings Shows evidence of having read widely by using arguments and facts from various and relevant sources 0-2.5 poor,; 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good,; 8.5-10.0 excellent, /20 5 Overall Presentation : Grammar, style of writing, structure, spelling, referencing and appendices. 0-2.5 poor,; 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good,; 8.5-10.0 excellent, /10 Total 100% /100 Total marks for this component is 30% /30

Mary Kay Letoureau :: essays research papers

Mary Kay Letourneau was a 34 year old teacher from Seattle, Washinton who was convicted of second degree rape on a twelve year old boy. As a result of this affair this already mother of four had two childeren with this 12 year old boy. She originally was senteced to spend 90 days in jail and was to take medicine for being bi-polar. She violated parole by again having sexual intercourse with Vili once again. She was senteced to seven and a half years in jail and was recently released from prison. The area of this situation I will be writing about is the incidicent that happend in the marina with Vili and Mary. Both were found in a mini-van by the police late at night , approximatly 0100 am. Vili appeared to be hiding under a sleeping bag and the police asked how old he was. She replied and said he was 18. The police became suspcious after the youth did not have any idenitification amd said he was 14. The police brought the two of them to the station where Vili's mother was called and she ok'd the fact that Mary was watching over VIli. Some questions come of this situation. Was the police response standard protocol? Was their investigation solid? Was the out come fair? And, If I was the commanding officer what orders would I have given to the investigators.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Was the police response standard protocol? Yes, the police initially questioned what a watchman thought was a person or incident. Upon arrival the found what looked like a young boy hinding in a sleeping bag so , they questioned the individuals in the mini-van. Vili who was originally said to be 18 years old could not produce documents to prove his age and then later said he was 14 so they were taken to headquarters because of that issue and other suspcions. After arriving at the station VIli's mother was called because Mary told the police officers that she was his teacher ans was watching him overnight. Vili's mother assured police that her son was under the care of Mary. In this siutation the police had reasonable suspition after the officers asked the age and they gave a conflicting answer along with the absence of identification. The actions of the police to take them to headquarters in nornal in instances when a person cant prove age or identity.